Global Courant 2023-05-15 17:11:24
In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has taken the world by storm as many experts believe that machine learning technology will fundamentally change the way of life for all people.
The general idea of artificial intelligence is that it represents the ability to mimic human consciousness and therefore perform tasks that only humans can do. Artificial intelligence has various applications, such as making the most optimal decisions in a chess match, guiding a family of four across the United States or writing an essay about 3000 worlds for a student.
Read below to understand the concepts and capabilities of the four categories of artificial intelligence.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Frequently Asked Questions
Reactive machinesLimited memoryTheory of mindSelf-awareness
1. Reactive machines
The most basic form of artificial intelligence is reactive machines, which respond to an input with a simplistic output programmed into the machine. With this form of AI, the program doesn’t really learn a new concept or have the ability to make predictions based on a data set. During this first stage of AI, reactive machines do not store inputs and therefore cannot use previous decisions to inform current ones.
The simplest type of artificial intelligence is seen in reactive machines, used in the late 1990s to beat the world’s best chess players. (REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration)
Reactive machines are the best example of the earliest form of artificial intelligence. Reactive machines were able to beat the world’s best chess players in the late 1990s by making the most optimal decisions based on their opponent’s moves. The world was shocked when IBM’s chess player, Deep Blue, beat chess grandmaster Guy Kasparov during their rematch in 1997.
Reactive machines have the ability to generate thousands of different possibilities in the present based on input; however, the AI ignores all other forms of data at this point and no real learning takes place. Either way, this programming led the way to machine learning computing and introduced the unique power of artificial intelligence to the public for the first time.
2. Limited memory
Limited memory further expanded the complexity and capabilities of machine learning computing. This form of artificial intelligence understands the concept of storing past data and using it to make accurate predictions for the future. Through a series of trial and error attempts, the limited memory allows the program to perfect tasks typically performed by humans, such as driving.
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Constrained memory AI has been trained by scientists to remember a data set before building an environment in which it has the ability to correct errors and reinforce approved behaviors. The AI then perfects its ability to complete the task during the training phase by receiving feedback from human or environmental stimuli. That feedback is then assessed and used to make better decisions in the future.
Elon Musk is the founder and CEO of Tesla, a leading self-driving vehicle company. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh, File)
A perfect example of artificial intelligence with limited memory is self-driving cars. The model examines the speed and direction of other cars at the moment to make the best decisions on the road. The training phase of self-driving cars also takes into account traffic lights, road construction, lane markings and how human drivers behave on the road. Companies like Tesla are at the forefront of manufacturing and commercializing AI-powered self-driving vehicles at scale.
3. Theory of Mind
Theory of mind AI systems are still being researched and developed by computer scientists and may represent the future of machine learning. The general concept of the theory of mind is that an AI system can respond in real time to the emotions and mental characteristics of the human entity it encounters. Scientists hope that AI can perform these tasks by understanding the emotions, beliefs, thoughts and needs of individual people.
This future AI system should be able to look beyond the data and understand that people often make decisions that are not based on pure sound logic or facts, but rather on the mental state of their mind and general emotions. Therefore, machine learning will have to adapt their decisions and behavior to people’s mental states.
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The development of self-aware artificial intelligence is not possible with today’s technology, but would be a huge achievement for the science of machine learning. (cyberguy.com)
While this isn’t possible right now, if the theory of the mind ever becomes a reality, it would be one of the biggest advances in artificial intelligence in decades.
4. Self-awareness
The final stage of artificial intelligence development is when the machine has the ability to become self-aware and form its own identity. This form of AI is not possible at all today, but has been used in science fiction media for decades to frighten and intrigue the public. To enable self-aware AI, scientists will have to find a way to replicate consciousness in a machine.
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The ability to map human consciousness is a goal that goes far beyond simply plugging input into an AI program or using a dataset to predict future outcomes. It represents the pinnacle of machine learning technology and has the potential to fundamentally change the way people interact with themselves and the world.
The stages of AI (ANI, AGI, ASI)
Artificial narrow intelligence, or ANI, is the simplest form of AI, but also one of the most common forms of machine learning in the daily lives of individuals around the world. Narrow Intelligence machines are based on a learning algorithm designed to successfully complete a single task and will not store information to perform several tasks. Tasks where narrow intelligence generally succeeds include language translation and image recognition. Products such as Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alex are examples of ANI.
Artificial General Intelligence, or AGI, describes a form of machine learning that simulates human cognitive systems by creating a variety of recordings. This form of AI is able to store information as you complete it and use that data to perfect performance on future tasks. However, AGI is just a hypothetical form of AI and has not yet been invented. The ultimate goal of AGI would be to surpass human capabilities in completing complex tasks.
Artificial superintelligence is another example of AI that has not yet been invented, but rather is a concept that describes the most advanced form of machine learning. ASI is a concept that envisions a future where computer programs can simulate human thinking and evolve beyond human cognitive abilities. This stage of AI is considered science fiction, but could be possible decades from now, depending on how advanced AI becomes.
