Global Courant 2023-04-29 04:46:46
My room felt hot and restrictive, like the walls were closing in, and I panicked. Finally, after about 15 seconds, the paralysis disappeared.
Later, I found a name for what had happened to me: sleep paralysis.
This is a surprisingly common nocturnal condition in which part of the brain wakes up while the body remains temporarily paralyzed.
After that first – and terrifying – incident, I experienced sleep paralysis on a frequent basis, with one episode every two or three nights.
The more that happened, the less scary it became. Eventually it was little more than an inconvenience.
But sleep paralysis can really affect people’s lives.
For some, it comes with disturbing hallucinations.
A 24-year-old woman I spoke to, who asked to be identified only by her first name, Victoria, recalls having her first experience one night when she was just 18 years old.
“I woke up and I couldn’t move,” he told me.
“I saw this gremlin-like figure hiding behind my curtain. She jumped on my chest. I thought she had entered another dimension. And the scariest thing was that he couldn’t scream. He was so vivid, so real.”
Getty Images Sleep paralysis is believed to have inspired many works of fiction and art, including John Henry Fusseli’s painting “The Nightmare.”
Others hallucinate demons, ghosts, aliens, intruders, and even dead family members. They see parts of their own body floating in the air, or cloned copies of themselves standing by their bed. Some see angels and then believe they had a religious experience.
Researchers believe that these hallucinations may have fueled belief in witches in modern Europe, and could even explain some claims of alien abductions.
What is known about the phenomenon?
Scientists believe that sleep paralysis has probably been around for as long as humans slept.
There are various colorful descriptions of these episodes throughout literary history.
Mary Shelley, the British playwright best known for authoring the gothic novel Frankenstein, was apparently inspired by a painting depicting an episode of sleep paralysis to write a scene for the play.
But the truth is that, until now, little research has been done on this rare condition.
“It’s been an ignored phenomenon… but in the last 10 years there has been increasing interest,” says Baland Jalal, a sleep researcher at Harvard University, who in 2020 completed the first clinical trial on different ways to treat sleep paralysis. .
Jalal is one of the few sleep scientists to spend time and energy researching the condition.
His goal is to more solidly understand the causes and effects of this, and to find out what it tells us about the larger mysteries of the human brain.
Getty Images Scientists are trying to figure out what sleep paralysis tells us about the mysteries of the human brain.
Until recently, there was no agreement on how many people in the world experienced sleep paralysis. The studies were sporadic, with little consistency about the methods.
But in 2011, clinical psychologist Brian Sharpless, now an associate professor at St Mary’s College of Maryland, conducted the most comprehensive review to date of the prevalence of the condition in people.
It examined data from 35 studies spanning five decades. Together, they included more than 36,000 volunteers.
Sharpless found that sleep paralysis was more common than previously thought, with almost 8% of adults claiming to have experienced it at some point. That number is much higher among college students (28%) and psychiatric patients (32%).
“It’s really not that uncommon,” says Sharpless, who is also a coauthor of “Sleep Paralysis: Historical, Psychological, and Medical Perspectives.”
How is it explained?
After experiencing the phenomenon, some people try to understand what happened to them with supernatural or even paranormal explanations.
In reality, says Jalal, the cause is much more mundane.
At night, our body goes through four stages of sleep. The final stage is called Rapid Eye Movement or REM sleep. This is when we dream.
During REM, your brain paralyzes your muscles, probably to prevent you from acting out physically in your dreams and getting hurt. But sometimes, and scientists are still not sure why, the sensory part of the brain emerges from REM prematurely.
Getty Images The final stage of sleep is called REM and it is when we dream.
This makes you feel awake. But the lower part of your brain is still in REM, Jalal says, and sending out neurotransmitters to paralyze your muscles.
“The sensory part of the brain is activated,” says Jalal. “You’re waking up mentally, perceptually, but physically you’re still paralyzed,” he adds.
When I was in my early twenties, I would experience sleep paralysis every two or three nights, but even then, it didn’t have much of an impact on my life. It was an interesting anecdote for friends and family. In that sense, my experience was common.
“For most people, it’s a peculiar thing that they live with,” says Colin Espie, a professor of sleep medicine at the University of Oxford.
“It’s a bit like sleepwalking: most people who sleepwalk never see a doctor. It is a curiosity in the family, a topic of conversation”.
But for an unfortunate minority, the condition is not so anecdotal.
Anxiety and anguish
Sharpless’s research found that between 15% and 44% of people with sleep paralysis experience “clinically significant distress” as a result.
The problems usually stem from how we respond to sleep paralysis, rather than the condition itself. Patients obsess all day about when the next episode might occur.
“It can be anxiety-provoking at the beginning and end of the night,” says Espie.
“And you grow a web of worry and concern around you. The worst expression of that translates into a kind of panic attack.”
Getty Images In some people, sleep paralysis causes anxiety and anguish.
In the most severe cases, sleep paralysis may be a sign of underlying narcolepsy, a more serious sleep condition in which the brain is unable to regulate sleep and wake patterns, causing someone to fall asleep at inappropriate times.
Doctors say paralysis is more likely to occur when you’re sleep deprived, because your sleep architecture is fragmented. Some patients also find that it is more likely when lying on their backs, although the explanation for this is unclear.
The most common approach to treating sleep paralysis is educational: patients are simply taught the science behind the condition and reassured that they are in no danger.
Sometimes a form of meditation therapy is used. The goal is to reduce the patient’s anxiety about going to bed and train them to remain calm when sleep paralysis occurs.
In more severe cases, medications may be considered, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which are typically used to treat depression but have the side effect of suppressing REM sleep.
The most dramatic and memorable episodes of sleep paralysis are usually the ones that come with vivid hallucinations.
These night visions are often a source of fear, but scientists also believe they can tell us fascinating things about the human brain.
Getty ImagesSome people experience terrifying hallucinations.
When you go into sleep paralysis, the motor cortex in your brain starts sending signals to the body, telling it to move.
But the muscles are paralyzed, so the brain doesn’t get any feedback signals in return.
“There is an incongruity… the self is fragmented, degraded,” says Jalal.
As a result, the brain “fills in the gap” and creates its own explanation for why the muscles can’t move. That’s why so many hallucinations involve a creature sitting on your chest or holding your body.
The brain, a “story-telling machine”
This reinforces the idea, popular among evolutionary scientists, of the human brain as a “story-telling machine.”
We struggle to come to terms with the fact that much of the world is random, so our brains create dramatic narratives in an effort to find meaning in the mundane.
Christopher French, head of the anomalous psychology research unit at Goldsmiths, University of London, has spent more than a decade talking to people around the world who have experienced these hallucinations and recording what they saw.
“There are common themes, but there’s also a lot of idiosyncrasy, variability,” French says.
Some hallucinations are hard to explain, and even downright bizarre. Over the years, French has recorded sightings of a sinister-looking black cat and a man strangled by plants.
But others are much more common and seem to be heavily influenced by culture.
On the island of Newfoundland in Canada, it is common for people to see an “old hag” sitting on their chest.
Mexicans, meanwhile, usually hallucinate with a “dead man” lying on their chest, while those from Saint Lucia speak of “kokma”, the souls of unbaptized children. And the Turks imagine the “Karabasan”, a mysterious and ghostly creature.
This reinforces the idea that humans are overwhelmingly social animals, heavily influenced by culture and expectations.
In fact, in a series of studies, Jalal compared symptoms in Denmark and Egypt, among volunteers with a similar age and gender distribution, and found a cultural gulf in the way sleep paralysis manifested itself.
Egyptians were much more likely than Danes to have experienced sleep paralysis (44% compared to 25%), and more likely to support a supernatural explanation.
Getty Images Fear of the supernatural is believed to make people more afraid of sleep paralysis.
Egyptian volunteers who believed in ghosts and demons also spent more time paralyzed during each episode.
Jalal’s theory is that fear of the supernatural makes people more afraid of sleep paralysis, and this anxiety makes the phenomenon more likely to occur, a demonstration of the tight fusion between our minds and bodies.
“When you have anxiety and stress, your sleep architecture becomes more fragmented, so you’re more likely to have sleep paralysis,” he says.
“Let’s say your grandmother tells you: ‘The creature looks like this, it comes at night and attacks you.’ And because of this fear, you are hyper-aroused, the fear centers of your brain are hyper-alert. And during REM sleep you feel, ‘oh, something’s wrong, I can’t move, the creature is here.’
“It seems that culture can really create this amazing effect,” he concludes.
