Global Courant
The latest advanced therapies can be an alternative to traditional therapies for breast cancer patients. These therapies include cryosurgical ablation (CSA), seed knife therapy (brachytherapy), percutaneous ablation, combined immunotherapy, and targeted chemotherapy.
1. Cryosurgical Ablation (CSA):
Cryosurgery is an important ablation technique for tumors. It destroys tumors through freeze-thaw cycles. The destructive effects of cryosurgery on tumors are due to two main mechanisms, one immediate and the other delayed. The direct mechanism is the detrimental effect of freezing and thawing the cells. The delayed mechanism is the progressive failure of microcirculation; ultimately, vascular stasis becomes effective as a major cause of tumor tissue destruction. As soon as the temperature drops below -40oC, ice crystals can form in the cells. Once it occurs, cell death is almost certain. During cryosurgery, progressive failure of the microcirculation occurs due to a cascade of events: destruction of the endothelial layer causing vessel walls to become porous, interstitial edema, platelet aggregation, microthrombii, and finally vascular congestion and destruction. It was theorized that during cryosurgery, the host’s immune system became sensitive to the destruction of the tumor by the cryosurgery. All primary tumor tissue and metastases undamaged by cryosurgery were destroyed by the immune system after cryosurgery. This response was termed the “cryo-immunological response”.
2. Seed Knife Therapy (Brachytherapy)
Seed knife therapy (brachytherapy) is used to treat breast cancer. Seed implantation with iodine-125 or palladium-103 seeds (brachytherapy) is a very effective treatment for cancer patients. Brachytherapy does not require a surgical incision, offers patients a shorter recovery time and is less likely to have unpleasant side effects. For example, for prostate cancer, brachytherapy is an outpatient procedure, and most patients go home the same day as their treatment. They can also return to their normal activities several days after treatment. Seed implantation takes only 45 minutes to 1 hour. Seed implantation with iodine-125 seed gives a lower radiation dose than palladium-103. Because iodine-125 lasts longer in your body than palladium-103, it is ideal for treating slow-growing tumors, such as most prostate cancers. The 125 iodine seeds – which have a half-life of 59 days – emit short-loop gamma rays. The seeds implanted in cancerous masses and nearby tissue radiate targeted cells, eventually destroying cancer. This prevents unnecessary exposure of the whole body to radiation.
3. Percutaneous ablation
Thermal injury to cells starts at 42? Only 8 minutes at 46? Is necessary to kill malignant cells, and 51? Can be fatal after just 2 minutes. At temperatures above 60? Intracellular proteins are rapidly denatured (killed), cell membranes are destroyed by dissolution and melting of lipid bilayers, and finally cell death is inevitable. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a new technique for the treatment of tumors in certain organs. A needle electrode is introduced into the targeted tumors via a percutaneous, laparoscopic, or open (surgical) route. The RF energy causes the tissue around the tip of the probe to heat up to a high temperature above which cells break apart and die. For the eradication of all cancer cells, the goal is to position the probes so that they destroy the entire tumor plus an appropriate “edge” of non-cancerous tissue around it.
4. Combined Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy, also known as CIC-combined immunotherapy for cancer, has increasingly become the focus of cancer researchers. Over the past 10 years, we have seen a better understanding of immunosurveillance and an appreciation of the mechanisms by which tumors escape attention. This has led to the development of promising new anti-cancer strategies, such as immunotherapy, which aims to enhance the body’s natural immune functions against cancer cells.
5. Targeted Chemotherapy
Targeted chemotherapy may be an alternative, as it has minimal side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy. Targeted therapies are drugs or other substances designed to block the growth and spread of cancer by preventing cancer cells from dividing or directly destroying them. While standard chemotherapy affects all cells in the body, targeted therapy directs drugs or other specially crafted substances (eg, lab-developed immune system proteins) to attack cancer cells. The goal of targeted therapy is to interfere with genes or proteins involved in tumor growth to block the spread of the disease.
By targeting specific molecules responsible for the growth, progression and spread of cancer, targeted therapy differs from standard chemotherapy, which attacks the disease systemically and thereby also damages healthy cells. Because targeted therapy specifically targets cancer cells, it is designed to reduce damage to healthy cells, which may lead to fewer side effects than standard chemotherapy.
Targeted therapies serve as the basis for precision medicine, which uses information about a tumor’s DNA profile to identify additional treatment options. Tailor-made treatments target abnormalities that can be found in the DNA profile of each tumour. This innovation marks a shift from traditional treatments designed for the average patient to more precise therapies.
Targeted therapy is an evolving science and not all cancers can be treated with targeted drugs. Several targeted therapies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in cancer treatment, including hormone therapies, signal transduction inhibitors, apoptosis inducers, gene expression modulators, angiogenesis inhibitors, and toxin delivery molecules.
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